Contents. Overview The Atari ST was part of the 16/32 bit generation of, based on the, with 512 of or more, and 3½' double-sided double-density as storage (nominally 720 KB). It was similar to other contemporary machines which used the Motorola 68000, the Apple and the Commodore. Although the Macintosh was the first widely available computer with a (GUI), it was limited to a monochromatic display on a smaller built-in monitor. Preceding the Amiga's commercial release by almost two months, the Atari ST was the first computer to come with a fully bit-mapped color GUI, using a version of released that February.
It was also the first home computer with integrated support. The ST was primarily a competitor to the Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga systems. This platform rivalry was often reflected by the owners and was most prominent in the.
Where the Amiga had custom processors which gave it the edge in the and video market, the ST was generally cheaper, had a slightly faster CPU, and had a high-resolution monochrome display mode, ideal for business. Thanks to its built-in MIDI ports it enjoyed success as a and of among amateurs and professionals alike, being used in concert by bands such as, and 1990s UK dance act. In some markets, particularly, the machine gained a strong foothold as a machine for and work. The ST was later superseded by the and computers. Since Atari pulled out of the computer market there has been a market for powerful -based machines (clones). Like most 'retro' computers the Atari enjoys support in the scene.
Amiga contract Prior to the introduction of the ST, Atari's computer division developed a line of home computers based on the 6502 CPU. The machines used a set of custom processors — ANTIC (DMA), CTIA/GTIA (Graphics), POKEY (AUDIO) and PIA (I/O) and were sold from 1979 through 1982 as the Atari 400 (16K) and Atari 800 (48k). In 1982 Atari introduced the 1200XL, which was too closed a design and was replaced with the 600XL/800XL series. Atari prepared several high-end computers for introduction in 1984, but these were cancelled when the Tramiels took over Atari. Several months prior to the release of the ST line, Atari released its 65XE (64K) and 130XE(128k) computers to replace the XL series 6502 8-bit computers., one of the original designers for the custom chips found in the and machines, tried to convince Atari management to invest big money into creating a new chipset and console/computer idea. When his idea was rejected, Miner left Atari to form a small called Hi-Toro in 1982 and set about designing this new chipset. The company, which was later renamed, started selling various video game controllers and games while it developed its 'Lorraine' computer system.
During development, Amiga had run out of capital to complete the development of its Lorraine chipset, and the 'Warner owned' Atari had paid Amiga to continue development work. In return Atari was to get one-year exclusive use of the design as a video game console. After one year Atari would have the right to add a keyboard and market the complete. The Atari Museum has acquired the Atari-Amiga contract and Atari engineering logs revealing that the Atari Amiga was originally designated as the 1850XLD. As Atari was heavily involved with Disney at the time, it was later code-named 'Mickey', and the 256K memory expansion board was codenamed 'Minnie'. The following year, Tramiel discovered that wanted to sell Atari, which at that point was losing about a million dollars per day.
Interested in Atari's overseas manufacturing and world wide distribution network for his new computer, he approached Atari and entered talks. After on again/off again negotiations with Atari in May and June 1984, Tramiel had secured his funding and bought Atari's Consumer Division (which included the console and home computer departments) that July.
As more executives and researchers left Commodore to join Tramiel's new company after the announcement, Commodore followed by filing lawsuits against four former engineers for theft of trade secrets. This was intended to, in effect, bar Tramiel from releasing his new computer. One of Tramiel's first acts after forming Atari Corp. Was to fire most of Atari's remaining staff and cancel almost all ongoing projects in order to review their continued viability. It was during this time in late July/early August that Tramiel representatives discovered the original Amiga contract.
It transpired that Amiga Corporation was supposed to deliver the chipset to Atari on June 30, 1984. Amiga Corp., having continuing financial problems, had sought more monetary support from investors that Spring (one of which had been Tramel Technology, which ended quickly given Tramiel's desire to replace nearly everyone at Amiga). Having heard rumors that Tramiel was in closed negotiations to complete the purchase of Atari in several days — at around the same time that Tramiel was in negotiations with Atari — Amiga Corp.
Entered in to discussions with Commodore. The discussions ultimately led to Commodore wanting to purchase Amiga Corporation outright, which would (from Commodore's viewpoint) cancel any outstanding contracts — including Atari Inc.' Instead of Amiga delivering the chipset to Atari, Commodore delivered a check of $500,000 to Atari on Amiga Corporation's behalf, in effect returning the funds invested into Amiga for completion of the Lorraine chipset. Seeing a chance to gain some leverage Tramiel immediately used the situation to countersue Commodore through its new (pending) subsidiary, Commodore-Amiga Inc., on August 13, 1984. He sought damages and an injunction to bar Amiga (and effectively Commodore) from producing anything with that technology.
The suit tried to render Commodore's new acquisition (and the source for its next generation of computers) useless and do to Commodore what they were trying to do to him. Meanwhile at Commodore, the Amiga team (according to conversations by Curt Vendel of Atarimuseum.com directly with Dave Needle and Joe Decuir of Amiga) were sitting in limbo for nearly the entire summer because of the lawsuit. No word on the status of the chipset, the Lorraine computer system or the team's fate was known. Finally in the fall of 1984, Commodore informed the team that the Lorraine project was active again, the chipset to be improved, the OS developed and the hardware design completed. This delay bought Atari several additional months in 1985 to release Atari STs to Atari User Groups in June 1985 and to go into full retail sales of the Atari 520ST in September 1985. In March 1987, the two companies settled the dispute out of court in a closed decision. This chapter is used on Wikipedia with permission from Interestingly, the two home computer rivals essentially performed a swap of 16/32-bit platforms, with the ST being designed by ex-Commodore engineers, and the Amiga by ex-Atarians.
In light of the later wars between Atari and Amiga owners, what is even more ironic is that Atari already had several prototypes of computers which were superior to both the Amiga and ST. The Sierra 68000 used a new chipset called 'Silver & Gold', and the Gaza was a dual MC68000 processor system using a new chipset called 'Rainbow'. Though Warner Atari liked the projects, they were canceled when was CEO and wanted Atari to return to its video game roots. Jack Tramiel was unaware of their existence when he bought Atari. The operating system With the hardware design nearing completion, the team started looking at solutions for the. Soon after the buyout, approached Tramiel with the suggestion that they port to the platform, but the delivery date was out by about two years, far too long for their needs.
Another possibility was, who were working on a new GUI-based system then known as Crystal, soon to become. Another option was to write a new operating system in-house, but this was eventually rejected due to the risk.
Atari St Emulation With Midi Support For Mac Pro
Digital Research was fully committed to the Intel platform, so a team from Atari was sent to the Digital Research headquarters to work with the 'Monterey Team' which comprised a mixture of Atari and Digital Research engineers. Atari's Jim Tittsler was Atari key OS engineer overseeing 'Project Jason' (aka — The Operating System) for the Atari ST line of computers. The name came from the original designer and developer, Jason Loveman.
Tim Oren has describing the history of the project, from his series 'Professional GEM.' CP/M-68K was essentially a direct port of 's original, mature operating system. By 1985, it was becoming increasingly outdated in comparison to MS-DOS 2.0; for instance, CP/M did not support sub-directories and did not have a hierarchical file system. Digital Research was also in the process of building a new -like operating system specifically for GEM, GEMDOS, and there was some discussion of whether or not a port of GEMDOS could be completed in time for product delivery in June. The decision was eventually taken to port it, resulting in a GEMDOS file system which became part of ( Total Operating System).
This was beneficial as it gave the ST a fast, hierarchical file system, essential for hard drive storage disks, plus programmers had function calls similar to the DOS. Debut of the ST The Atari 520ST was officially launched at the Winter in in January 1985. Due to its similarities to the original, it was quickly nicknamed the 'Jackintosh'.
The 520ST shipped during May and June 1985 to the press and Atari User Groups and then in early July 1985 for general retail sales. The machine had gone from concept to store shelves in a little under a year. Atari had originally intended to release versions with 128 KB and 256 KB of RAM as the 130ST and 260ST respectively. However, with the OS loaded from floppy into RAM, there would be little or no room left over for applications to run. The 260ST did make its way into Europe on a limited basis. The ST could support a monochrome or color monitor.
The monochrome monitor was less expensive and had a higher resolution with its 640×400. Due to its flicker-free operation at 72 Hz the monochrome monitor was better suited to business applications. The hardware supported two different color resolution, 320×200 with 16 out of 512 colors, or 640×200 with 4 out of 512 colors. Color was required by many games.
Early models shipped with TOS on disk, but were designed with sockets to make for easy upgrading to the future ROM based TOS. These became available only a few months later, and were included in all new machines, as well as being available to upgrade older machines. By late 1985 the machines were also upgraded with the addition of an (for TV display), a version known as the 520ST M.
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Atari had originally intended to include GEM's GDOS (Graphical Device Operating System), which allowed programs to send GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface) commands to drivers loaded by GDOS. This allowed developers to send VDI instructions to other simply by pointing to it. However, GDOS was not ready at the time the ST started shipping, and was included in software packages and later ST machines. Later versions of GDOS supported vector fonts. A limited set of GEM fonts were also included within the ROMs. These fonts also featured two additions. The face of J.R.
'Bob' Dobbs. The standard 8x8 pixel graphical character set for the ST (the main in-ROM 'font' for GEM, and text-mode TOS operations in color modes) contains, following all the standard numbers, letters, symbols and accented characters, four unusual characters. These can be placed together in a square, forming a basic but recognisable facsimile of the face of, the supposed founder of the.
Jack Tramiel chose to include the with ST's ROM character set because of his Jewish heritage. On the plus side, the ST was less expensive than most machines, including the, and tended to be faster than most ( external link: ). Largely as a result of the price/performance factor, the ST would go on to be a fairly popular machine, notably in European markets where the foreign exchange rates amplified prices. Indeed, the company's English advertising strapline of the era was 'power without the price.'
In fact, an Atari ST and software was much cheaper than a terminal, which was commonly needed by offices with central computers. The Atari 520ST The 520ST was an all-in-one unit, similar to earlier home computers like the. By the time the 520ST reached the market, however, consumers demanded a keyboard with cursor keys and a numeric keypad.
For this reason, the 520ST was a fairly large and awkward computer console. Adding to this problem was the number of large cables needed to connect to the peripherals.
Atari St Emulator With Midi Support For Mac
This problem was addressed to some degree in the follow-on models which included a built-in floppy disk drive, though this addition resulted in the awkward placement of the mouse and joystick ports to a cramped niche underneath the keyboard. Early 520ST owners became accustomed to the 'Atari Twist' and the 'Atari Drop' service procedures. 'Atari Twist' seemed to help discharge built-up static electricity (Atari soldered-down the metal shielding to fix the problem) while the 'Atari Drop' appeared to help re-seat chips which may have become partially unseated over time. The case design was created by Ira Valenski — Atari's chief Industrial Designer. The ST featured bold angular lines and was basically wedge shaped, with a series of grilles cut into the rear for airflow. The majority of the machines had keyboards with soft tactile feedback and with rhomboid-shaped function keys across the top.
The original 520ST design used an external floppy drive; the 1040ST-style case featured a built-in floppy drive. The power supply for the early 520ST was a large external brick while the 1040ST's was inside the machine. Atari ST mouse(2000). ST-specific ports:.
Monitor port (13-pin DIN). ACSI (similar to ) DMA port (for hard disks and laser printers). Floppy port. ST cartridge port (for 128 KB ROM cartridges) Because of its design, the Centronics printer port could be used for joystick input and several games made use of available adaptors that plugged into the printer socket, providing two additional 9-pin joystick ports. Atari initially used single-sided that could store up to 360 KB.
Later drives were double-sided versions that stored 720 KB. Due to the early sales of so many of the single-sided drives, almost all software would ship on two single-sided disks instead of a single double-sided one, for fear of alienating. ST magazines wishing to cater to the entire audience while still supplying a large amount of material on a single cover disc had to adopt innovative custom formats to work around this problem. Another sticking point was that while the Atari double-sided drive could read IBM-formatted disks, IBM PCs could not read Atari disks. This was a formatting issue that was later resolved by third-party software formatters and TOS upgrades (1.4 and higher). Atari 1040ST Atari later upgraded the basic design in 1986 with the 1040ST F (also written STF).
The machine was generally similar to the earlier 520ST, but moved the power supply and a double-sided into the rear of the housing of the computer, as opposed to being external. This added to the size of the machine, but reduced cable clutter in the back. The 1040 shipped with 1 MB of RAM, and the same design was also used for the new 512 KB 520STFM, which replaced the earlier models in the market.
The early 'STF' machines lacked the 'M' modulator that allowed a TV to be used and would only work with a monitor. The 1040ST was the first personal computer shipped with a base RAM configuration of 1 MB, and when the list price was reduced to $999 in the U.S.
It became the first computer to break the $1000/megabyte price barrier, and was featured on the cover of. However, the ST remained generally the same internally over the majority of its several-year lifespan. The choice of model numbers was inherited from the model numbers of the XE series of the of computers. A limited number of 1040STFs shipped with a single-sided floppy drive. citation needed.
Mega models Initial sales were strong, especially in Europe where Atari sold 75% of its computers. Germany became Atari's strongest market, with small business users using them for desktop publishing and CAD. To address this growing market segment, Atari came up with the ST1. First debuted at Comdex, 1986, it was received favorably. Renamed the Mega, this new machine included a detached high-quality keyboard, stronger case (to support the weight of a monitor), and internal bus expansion connector. The upcoming SLM804 would not come with a processor or memory, reducing costs. It would attach to the Mega through the ST DMA port and have the Mega computer render the pages.
Initially equipped with 2 or 4 MB (a 1 MB version, the Mega 1 would later follow), the Mega machines would complement the Atari laser printer for a low-cost desktop publishing package which received acclaim and was featured on the cover of Computer Shopper magazine. A custom co-processor was to be included to speed the performance of some graphics operations on the screen, but due to delays it was eventually released on the Mega 2 and Mega 4 machines. Developers wanting to use it had to detect for it in their programs because it was not present on all machines. However, properly-written programs using the screen VDI commands could use the blitter seamlessly since GEM was a higher-level interface to TOS. Later models For about the first four years, no major design changes in the ST took place as Atari focused on manufacturing problems and distribution. ST enhanced In late 1989, released the ST E (also written STE), a version of the ST with improvements to the multimedia hardware and operating system. The STE featured an increased color palette of 4096 colors from the ST's 512 (though the maximum displayable palette of these without programming tricks was still limited to 16 in the lowest 320x200 resolution and even fewer in higher resolutions), support, and a graphics co-processor chip called which could quickly move large blocks of data (most particularly, graphics sprites) around in RAM.
It also included a new 2-channels digital sound chip that could play 8-bit stereo samples in hardware at up to 50 kHz. Two enhanced joystick ports (EJP) were added (two normal joysticks could be plugged into each port with an adaptor), with the new connectors placed in more easily-accessed locations on the side of the case. The enhanced joystick ports were re-used in Atari's console, and are compatible.
RAM was now much more simply upgradable via. Despite all of this, it still ran at 8, and the enhanced hardware was clearly designed to catch up with the Amiga. The STE models initially had software and hardware conflicts resulting in some and written for the ST line being unstable or even completely unusable, primarily caused by programming direct hardware calls which bypassed the operating system. Sometimes incompatibility could be solved by expanding the RAM. Furthermore, even having a joystick plugged in would sometimes cause strange behaviour with a few applications (such as First Word Plus). Very little use was made of the extra features of the STE: STE-enhanced and STE-only software were rare, generally being limited to serious art, CAD or music applications, with very few games taking advantage of the hardware as it was found on so few machines. The last STE machine, the, was an STE in a grey case that ran at a switchable 16 MHz, dual-bus design (16-bit external, 32-bit internal), optional, built-in 3½' floppy disk drive, expansion slot, a network port (very similar to that used by Apple's ) and an optional built-in 3½' hard drive.
It also shipped with TOS 2.00 (better support for hard drives, enhanced desktop interface, memory test, 1.44 MB floppy support, bug fixes). It was marketed as more affordable than a TT but more powerful than an ordinary ST. The 68030 machines In 1990, Atari released the high-end workstation-oriented (32 MHz, 68030-based TT030), continuing the nomenclature system with the 030 chip being a full 32 bit chip with thirty-two bit internal and external registers, hence TT. Originally planned with a 68020 CPU, the TT included improved graphics and more powerful support chips. The case was a new design with an integrated hard drive enclosure. The final ST computer was the multimedia (also 68030-based, operating at 16 MHz, but with improved video modes and extensive custom chip provisions, particularly high-quality audio DSPs). Although the 68030 microprocessor was capable of using 32-bit memory, the Falcon used a 16-bit bus which affected performance, but also served to reduce its cost.
In another cost-reduction measure, Atari shipped the Falcon in an inexpensive case much like that of the ST E. After-market upgrade kits were available that allowed the Falcon to be put in a desktop or rack-mount case, with the keyboard separate.
Released in 1992, the Falcon was canceled by Atari the following year. In Europe, C-Lab licenced the Falcon design from Atari and released the C-Lab Falcon Mk I (the same as Atari's Falcon except for some slight modifications to the audio circuitry), Mk II (as Mk I but with an internal 500 MB SCSI hard disk) and Mk X (as Mk II but in a desktop case). Aftermath In 1993, Atari cancelled development on the ST computers to focus on the. Following the exit of Atari from the computer market, Medusa Computer Systems manufactured some powerful 3rd-party Atari Falcon/TT-compatible machines that used and processors, based around multimedia (particularly audio, but also video), CAD and office uses. Despite the lack of a hardware supplier, there is a small active community dedicated to keeping the ST platform alive. There have been advancements in the operating system, software emulators (for Windows, Mac & Linux), and some hardware developments.
There are accelerator cards, such as the CT60 & CT63, which is a based accelerator card for the Falcon, and there is the, which aims at developing an Atari-clone based on the processor. Milan Computer of also made 68040 and 68060-based Atari clones that can run either Atari TOS 4.5 or Milan Computer's MultiOS operating system. Music / Sound The ST was the first with built-in MIDI ports, and there was plenty of MIDI-related software for use professionally in music studios, or by amateur enthusiasts. The popular Windows/Macintosh applications and originated on the Atari ST (the latter as Notator Logic, preceded by Creator, Notator and Notator-SL).
Another popular and powerful ST music sequencer application, Dr. T's KCS, contained a 'Multi-Program Environment' that allowed ST users to run other applications, such as the synthesizer patch editing software XoR (now known as Unisyn on the Macintosh), from within the sequencer application. Even today some people (such as ) are still using the Atari ST for composing music. Music software was popular on the ST, such as the TCB Tracker, aiding the production of quality music from the Yamaha synthesizer ('chiptunes').
An innovative music composition program that combined the sample playing abilities of a tracker with conventional music notation (which was usually only found in MIDI software) was called Quartet (after its 4-note polyphonic tracker, which displayed one monophonic stave at a time on colour screens). Due to the ST having comparatively large amounts of memory for the time, sound sampling packages became a realistic proposition. The Microdeal product featured a sound sampler that cleverly used the ST cartridge port to read in parallel from the cartridge port from the. For output of digital sound, it used the on-board frequency output, set it to 128 kHz (inaudible) and then modulated the amplitude of that.
Another program that had good success on the ST platform was MasterTracks Pro from Passport Designs, of Half Moon Bay, CA., that was first put out by Don Williams for the Macintosh. When the ST died, a PC version continued that one could port MIDI to using the generic.MID format. Passport was bought out by GVox, which continues the program along with the other Passport product, the notation program Encore.
In addition to the sound sampling functionalities, the availability of software packages with MIDI support for music composition and efficient sound analysis contributed to make the Atari ST a forerunner of later computer-based all-in-one studios. The ST's low cost, built-in MIDI ports, and fast, low-latency response times made it a favorite with musicians:. The album You've Come A Long Way, Baby has an Atari ST in the large foldout picture of Fatboy Slim's studio.
Highly acclaimed artists and started out writing music on Atari STs. 's album album notes state that it was recorded using an Atari ST and C-Lab MIDI software.
In the Paris performance of 's album Waiting for Cousteau, musicians have attached Atari ST machines with unidentified MIDI software to their keyboards, as could be seen in the TV live show and video recordings. 's ', which reached #1 in the UK singles charts, was created using an Atari ST. citation needed. All the drums MIDI files for 's self-titled debut album were written on an Atari. The popularity of Atari MIDI and YM2149 based music continued long after MAC and PC took over the music industry.
In 2010, the Atari Music Network (AMN) was created to unite Atari based musicians and developers around the world. AMN currently offers forums and facebook connectivity, news articles, product reviews, updated links, hard to find software downloads, and promotion of Atari related music events and album releases.
Software development The Atari ST had a wide variety of languages and tools for development. 68000 assemblers (MadMac from Atari Corp, 's Devpac), Pascal (OSS Personal Pascal), C compilers (like, Alcyon C, Mark Williams C, Aztec C, AHCC (A Home Cooked C)), and many others. The initial development kit from Atari included a computer and manuals. At $5,000, this discouraged many from developing software for the ST. Later, the Atari Developer's Kit consisted of software and manuals (no hardware) for $300.
Included with the kit were a resource kit, C compiler (first Alcyon C, then Mark Williams C), debugger, and 68000 assembler (plus the non-disclosure agreement). The ST came bundled with a system disk that contained, the first BASIC for the ST.
However, due to its poor performance, users favored other BASICs, such as, FaST BASIC (notable for being one of the few programs to actually be supplied as a ROM cartridge instead of on disc) and the relatively famous, which then inspired and led to the creation of AMOS on the Amiga, and powerful enough that it was used (with a compiler, opposed to its usual runtime interpreter) for the production of at least two commercial titles and an innumerable host of good quality shareware and public domain games. Even novelty tools such as were available.
Games The ST enjoyed success in gaming due to low cost, fast performance and colorful graphics. Notable individuals who developed games on the ST include,. The first real-time 3D role-playing computer game, was first developed and released on the ST, and was the best-selling software ever produced for the platform.
Simulation games like and made use of the enhanced graphics found in the ST machines, as did many arcade ports. One game, used the ports to connect with other machines for interactive networked play, this is sometimes said to have inspired modern games which became popular in the early 90s'.
Games simultaneously released on the Amiga that had identical graphics and sound were often accused by computer game magazines of simply being ST ports. Utilities / Misc Utility software was available to drive hardware add-ons such as video digitisers. Office Productivity and graphics software was also bundled with the ST (HyperPaint II by Dimitri Koveos, HyperDraw by David Farmborough, spreadsheet by Frank Schoonjans, and several others commissioned by, later of ).
There was a thriving output of and software which was distributed by, in the days long before public internet access, public domain software libraries that advertised in magazines and on popular dial-up Bulletin Board Systems. Remarkably, a modest core fanbase for the system, supporting a dwindling number of good quality print magazines, survived to the mid 90s and the birth of the modern, publicly accessible internet as we know it. Despite the limited graphics, memory, and temporary hard storage capabilities of the system, several email, FTP, telnet, IRC, and even full-blown graphical World Wide Web browser applications are available and usable on the ST.
There was also an MS-DOS emulator released in the late 80s. PC-Ditto came in two versions, software only and a hardware version that plugged into the cartridge slot. After running the PC-Ditto software, you had to insert an MS-DOS bootdisk to load the system. Both allowed you to run DOS programs in CGA mode. Technical specifications All STs were made up of both custom and commercial chips:. Custom chips. ST Shifter 'Video shift register chip'—Enabled bitmap graphics using 32 KB of contiguous memory for all resolutions.
Screen address had to be a multiple of 256. ST GLU 'Generalized Logic Unit'—Control logic for the system used to connect the ST's chips. Not part of the data path, but needed to bridge chips with each other. ST MMU '—Enabled physical memory access up to 4 MB. Maps out the memory space in the ST. ST DMA '—Used for floppy and hard drive data transfers.
Can directly access main memory in the ST. Support chips.
MC6850P ACIA 'Asynchronous Common Interface Adapter'—Enabled the ST to directly communicate with MIDI devices and keyboard (2 chips used). 31.25 kBaud for MIDI, 7812.5 bit/s for keyboard. MC68901 MFP 'Multi Function Peripheral'—Used for interrupt generation/control, serial and misc. Control input signals.
Atari TT030 had 2 MFP chips. 'Western Digital Floppy Disk Controller'—Floppy controller chip. '—Provided 3-voice sound synthesis, also used for floppy signalling, serial control output and printer parallel port.
HD6301V1 'Hitachi keyboard processor'—Used for keyboard scanning and mouse/joystick ports. ST/ST F/ST M/ST FM As originally released in the 520ST:.
CPU: 16-/32-Bit CPU @ 8. 16 bit data/32 bit internal/24-bit address. RAM: 512 KB or 1. Display modes (60 Hz NTSC, 50 Hz PAL, 71.2 Hz monochrome):.
Low resolution - 320×200 (16 color), palette of 512 colors. Medium resolution - 640×200 (4 color), palette of 512 colors.
High resolution - 640×400 (mono), monochrome. Sound: 3-voice squarewave plus 1-voice white noise mono. Drive: Single-sided 3½' drive, 360 KB capacity when formatted to standard 9 sector, 80 track layout.
December 1989. Retrieved 2006-06-23., retrieved 2007-10-22. Special To The New York Times (1985-07-10), The New York Times,.,.
Atari Historical Society. November 1983. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
^. Powell, Jack (October 1985), 4 (6): 26,.
Atari Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-05-28. The Antic Cyber Graphics Software and the Pre-History of Autodesk 3D Studio and Discreet 3ds max. Motorola Literature Distribution, Phonenix, AZ (1992). M68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual. External links. – Descriptions of the various ST models; courtesy of.
software archives. hardware Personal computers.